The Functions Of A Journalist

Political Function

The political function of a journalist is to be the watchdog of the government. For example, the 2008 election is being carefully noted. In one article, announcers said John McCain considers himself a “maverick” when others in the Democrat party disagree with his statements. This story shows the political side of a Republican’s view of themselves, and how the Democrats respond to their answer. It is a journalist’s job to try and get information that would be helpful for people to decide who they will vote for.

Economic Function

The economic function of a journalist is to inform the material welfare of humankind. An example of this would be how the unemployment rate jumped up to 6.1 percent in August. That is an important matter, especially for those who need a job. Some jobs like working in an assembly line or being phone operators are given to people overseas. A journalist needs to keep up with matters that may dramatically change society, such as the economy.

Entertainment Function

The entertainment function of a journalist is to cover the industry-specific news while targeting general audiences beyond those working in the industry itself. An example would be writing a review about a movie. Movies are mainly made to entertain people, and they report the feedback from media productions and celebrity status. The purpose of having entertainment is to entertain others. So it is a journalist’s job to fulfill the need to talk about celebrities and the entertainment world.

Record Keeping Function

The record keeping function of a journalist is to get down the information so they can inform audiences about different records. An example of this would be discovering a new concept of delivering mail through the Internet. It’s called earthclassmail.com. Journalists can inform people of new records and old records, especially when a record seems to be missing sometimes. Mail is essential to people because it’s like a document that they need for future references, and they can prove they have their mail because what they receive may be considered a record.

Agenda- Setting Function

The agenda- setting function of a journalist is to have large influence on audiences by choosing newsworthy stories through mass-news media. They don’t have to tell an audience what to think, but they could tell an audience what to think about. For instance, a agenda-setting function would be the presidential election. Both candidates expressed what they would do if they are president. This is important because it can make someone think about how exactly do they want their country to change. So this can make them become more proactive in choosing their next president.

Social Function

The social function of a journalist is to be the watchdog for the social environment. Example of this would be like the 40 th anniversary party for Calvin Klein. This is a big social event and many people will want to get the scoop on it. That’s where a journalist comes in. It is their job to report what happened at the event. When they hear about the Calvin Klein party, the audience wants to know what went on. So journalists should have something to write about as soon as the event is over.

Marketplace Function

The marketplace function of a journalist is to inform an audience about the marketing of society, and influence them in what they consume in. For example, St. Émilion wants to reinstate their wine because the wines are getting low scores in tasting tests. Wine is something out on the market that can potentially endanger their sales. So what a journalist needs to do is to report on the things that are doing well and are doing not so great on the market.

Sentry Function

The sentry function of a journalist is to keep watch for an anticipating event. For example, the Georgian attack. They now have sentry posts. It’s no telling with where this situation may lead to. The media is blaming Russia for those attacks. Not only is the media blaming Russia, but George Bush as well. Because this is a situation that may need to be followed up, a journalist should try to keep up with the story as much as they can.

Types of television or radio programme

breakfast television noun

television programmes that are broadcast early in the morning
broadcast noun

a programme that can be seen or heard on radio or television
bulletin noun

a short news broadcast
call-in noun

a phone-in
Ceefax

a written information service on British television, provided by the BBC
chat show noun

a television or radio programme in which famous people talk about themselves and their work
closed-captioned adjective

a closed-captioned television programme has the words being spoken written at the bottom of the screen for people who do not hear well
docudrama noun

a television programme or film based on events that really happened
documentary noun

a film or television programme that deals with real people and events
docusoap noun

a television programme series about the lives of real people
feature noun

a part of a programme on television or radio that concentrates on a particular subject
fly-on-the-wall adjective

a fly-on-the-wall television programme or film shows real people doing what they normally do every day
free-to-air adjective

free-to-air television programmes can be watched without having to pay anything extra
game show noun

a television programme in which people play games or answer questions in order to win prizes
the God slot noun

the time at which religious programmes are usually broadcast on television or radio. Some people consider this word offensive.
infomercial noun

a long advertisement on television that is made in the style of an ordinary programme
infotainment noun

television programmes about real events or facts that are made in a way that entertains people
item noun

a short part of a news programme on television or radio dealing with a particular subject
line-up noun

a set of television or radio programmes that are broadcast one after another
live adjective

a live television or radio programme can be watched or listened to at the same time as it happens
magazine noun

a television or radio programme made up of various reports, news stories etc
miniseries noun

a film made to be shown on television in several parts on different days
the news noun

a television or radio broadcast that gives you information about recent events, read by a newsreader with special reports by correspondents
news bulletin noun

a short television or radio programme that broadcasts the main pieces of the news
newscast noun

a news programme. Someone who reads the news during a newscast is a newscaster.
newsflash noun

a short broadcast of an important piece of news in the middle of a television or radio programme
omnibus noun

a radio or television programme that consists of several programmes that have already been broadcast separately
outside broadcast noun

a television or radio programme that is not made in a studio but in another building or outside in a street etc
phone-in noun

a radio or television programme that people phone with their questions or comments. The usual American word is call-in.
pilot noun

a television programme that is broadcast to find out if people would enjoy a whole series
profile noun

a short article or programme about someone
programme noun

a television or radio broadcast
the radio noun

the programmes that are broadcast for people to listen to
reality TV noun

television programmes that do not use professional actors but show real events and situations involving ordinary people
repeat noun

a television or radio programme that is broadcast again
rerun noun

a programme that is being shown on television again
roadshow noun

a series of radio or television programmes, each of which is broadcast from a different place
satellite television noun

television programmes that are sent to your television using satellite communications
series noun

a set of television or radio programmes that are all about a particular subject, person, or group of people
shipping forecast noun

a radio broadcast describing what weather conditions will be like for ships sailing on the sea
show noun

a television or radio programme
sitcom noun

a television or radio series about a particular group of characters who deal with situations in a humorous way
situation comedy noun

a sitcom
soap noun

a soap opera
soap opera noun

a television or radio series about the imaginary lives of a group of people. A soap opera is often simply called a soap.
sportscast noun

a radio or television programme about sport
tabloid TV noun

television programmes that are intended to be exciting or shocking
talkback noun

a phone-in
talk radio noun

radio programmes in which the presenters discuss subjects with people who telephone them during the programme
talk show noun

a chat show
T-commerce noun

business done using interactive television
telecast noun

a programme broadcast on television
telefilm noun

a film made to be broadcast on television, and not shown in cinemas
telethon noun

a long television programme that provides entertainment with the purpose of raising money for charity (=organizations that help people)
television noun

the programmes shown on television
transmission noun

a radio or television programme
update noun

a report or broadcast containing all the latest news or information
the weather noun

a report on the weather in a newspaper or on television
simulcast noun

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus-category/british/Types-of-television-or-radio-programme

Types of Talk Shows

Talk shows have been shown on American TV for nearly as long as television has been popular in America. A talk show can be loosely classified as any TV program in which people discuss something.

Interview Talk Shows
On an interview talk show, the host of the talk show interviews celebrities and experts about topics of their choice. Often, a celebrity will make an appearance on an interview talk show to discuss an upcoming project or movie release, while academic experts will appear to be interviewed when their subject of expertise comes up in the media in conjunction with a news event. Interviews are often incorporated into a diverse variety of talk shows, but they also exist as a category of talk show by themselves. "David Letterman," "The Tonight Show."
 

Political Talk Shows
Political talk shows exist to allow pundits and talk show hosts to discuss the political goings-on in the country. Political talk shows generally receive a spike in popularity during presidential elections and other notable political events, and they generally run on Sunday mornings and afternoons. Examples: "McLaughlin Group," "Meet the Press." 

Issue-Based Talk Shows
In these talk shows, guests appear on the show to discuss the issues that are going on in their lives. In many cases, these talks shows present sensationalized accounts of intricate relationship intrigue. Many of these issue-based talk shows air during daytime hours and often involve loud outbursts from agitated guests who find themselves growing increasingly upset while confronting friends or loved ones who have wronged them in some way. Examples: "Jerry Springer," "Maury Povich." 

Comedic Talk Shows
Talk shows with a comedic bent have been gaining in popularity in recent years. In these comic talk shows, a host provides comedic commentary on current events, celebrity scandals and other notable items of discussion. The focus during these talk shows is on being both entertaining and informative, with laughs taking precedence over the delivery of news. Examples: "The Daily Show," "The Colbert Report." 

Talk Show Hosts
One of the most important parts of any successful talk show is the appeal and talent of the host who presides over the talk show. Whether the host is working on a sensationalized issues talk show or a serious political broadcast, the quality of the host directly affects the quality and entertainment factor of the talk show itself.

http://www.ehow.com/about_7227990_types-talk-shows.html

13 Simple Journalist Techniques For Effective Interviews

The interview is a staple of the travel journalists’ repertoire.

Journalism is a creative job. Despite all the professors who told me articles were a fixed formula plugged up with simple facts and despite the avalanche of clichéd crap that passes for most mainstream journalism, I stand by that statement.
The finished product may be a piece of writing that you craft, but the material a result of the interviews you conduct.

Like any creative profession, you use your perception to re-interpret the world around you. You try to engage an audience with ideas and issues-you create something meaningful from all the incoherent information and noise out there.

But here’s the catch: good journalism is dependent on a total stranger’s cooperation and participation.

At the heart of this issue is the interview. The finished product may be a piece of writing that you craft, but the material a result of the interviews you conduct.

And while sources vary-some people know exactly what they want to say while others love to make you sweat for a basic quote-how you conduct the interview has more to do with the outcome than anything.

It’s odd that so much emphasis is put on teaching journalists how to write an article when that skill is useless without also teaching journalists how to develop strong interview techniques.

In an effort to help other aspiring reporters develop this crucial skill-I brought together some of my colleagues and journalist friends to ask them what interview tips they think are most helpful:

#1 – Find a good location

Avoid Starbucks! It’s often easiest to suggest a centrally located corporate coffee shop but if there is any way you can interview in a place that has some relevance to the story or your subject you’ll have much greater success.

Not only because you’ll gain a further sense of context, people are often more comfortable (and open) when they’re in a familiar place or what feels like “their territory.”

Ask to meet at your subject’s house, work, or the location of an incident relevant to the story. Even meeting at the interviewee’s favorite restaurant is more interesting than a Starbucks.

#2 – Prepare Your Goals Ahead

Know what questions you’re going to ask and why you’re going to ask them.

Heading to an interview with a sense of what you want to get out of it (a colorful re-enactment of an event, an on-the-record opinion on the issue you’re covering, general background, etc.) is critical to conducting a successful interview.

You should already be thinking about what you want your piece to look like and what you need from this interview to get your article closer to that end result.

#3 – Write down your questions

Be sure and bring prepared questions with you. I usually go into an interview with twice as many questions than I expect to ask. The security of knowing that I’m not going to get stuck helps my confidence and you never know what question will get you the information you’re really looking for.

#4 – Work on your flow

This is probably the most challenging, but also the most important interview skill you can develop.

You want to strike a balance between a conversation (which helps make your subject feel comfortable and aids candor) and getting the job done. As your subject is answering your question, be thinking about what you’ll ask next and why.

The flow of questions needs to seem natural and conversational, don’t spin your subject off on a completely different topic just because that’s the next question on your list-think about segue’s and transitions.

This way your subject doesn’t feel forced to give you sound bites and may open up a little (particularly important for anyone working on an audio piece where you may need blocks of the raw interview).

#5 – Think about the medium

Interviewing techniques defiantly vary for different mediums. If you’re interviewing for audio or video you want to ask two part questions which encourages subjects to talk for longer blocks of time.

Conversely, when you’re interviewing for print, try and break questions up so you can get shorter and more concise answers (easier for taking notes and for quoting later). You can be more conversational with interviews for print, you can say “yeah,” and “uh-huh,” etc.

Not doing this is one of the biggest challenges when you’re interviewing for audio. Nodding and smiling accomplishes the same sort of conversational encouragement and keeps your tape clean.

Another great trick for audio interviews is to have your subject re-enact the story. It makes for good sound and helps you avoid having too much of your own narration later on.

#6 – Bring a buddy

I find having a second person as a note taker and extra set of ears can be very useful.

If you don’t think another person will overwhelm or distract your subject (I find that is pretty rare) it can be a lifesaver to have that second set of notes to check your quotes and information.

#7 – Avoid Obsessing

While good notes and recording are very important, you can do yourself a disservice by obsessing about recording every little detail of what your subject says.

As you’re interviewing you should be able to discern the gems from the chatter-focus on the quotes and info you know you’re going to use and make sure you get that right!

#8 – Be a little annoying

Don’t be afraid to relentlessly revisit a question or topic that you feel hasn’t been properly addressed by the interviewee. Sometimes people need time to warm up to you or a topic, or will respond better if your question is worded differently. Keep trying.

#9 – Be a little sneaky

Continue taking notes even after the interview is officially over. Sometimes people say the most revealing or intimate things when they feel that they’re out of the “hot seat.” If they don’t say “off the record,” it’s all game.

#10 – Empower them

A great question to ask if you don’t fully understand the perspective of your interviewee is “what is your ideal solution/resolution?” Obviously this only works in certain circumstances, but when appropriate it can help clarify a person’s point of view or opinion.

#11 – Work them up

Another great question is “Why do you care about this issue?” This can be an effective way to get a strong and emotional quote about why the topic you’re covering is so important.

You can also ask for the turning point in a story, the moment when everything changed or catalyzed. This can help you shape the narrative of your story as well.

#12 – Endure awkward silences

I know this is totally counterintuitive. My instinct is to keep chattering and asking questions to keep people feeling comfortable, but sometimes, especially when you’re dealing with sensitive subjects, you need to shut up and wait.

Ask your question, let them give you the rehearsed and generic answer, then sit there quietly and see what comes next. You’d be amazed how often this technique yields powerful results.

#13 – Ask for what you need

Seriously, sometimes interviewees are frustrating not because they’re trying to bust your chops but just don’t understand what you want from them.

I find that many interview subjects get a kick out of having you “pull back the curtain” a little and tell them about your process.

You can say, “Listen, I really need a quote from you encapsulating your feelings on this issue,” or “I really need you to walk me through the chronology of this,” or even, “I really need you to take me to a location that is relevant to this issue so I can set a scene.”

For the most part people want to be helpful and you just need to tell them how they can.

***

As you gain more experience interviewing, you’ll hone your own techniques. Your personality as an interviewer also plays a huge role in how you develop your approach.

In the meantime use these hints to help you mine the information you need to get down to the creative business of crafting a great piece of journalism.

http://matadornetwork.com/bnt/2007/03/26/13-simple-journalist-techniques-for-effective-interviews/

Different Types of Interview

Before starting an interview, you should have a good idea of the type of interview you are about to do and its purpose.

......................................................................................................

The purpose of an interview is to gather usable audio to illustrate your story. This audio may be live or recorded. If it is recorded - which is more likely - the end result could be 15 seconds or several minutes. The cut itself could be used for a news bulletin, a package or a documentary. In spite of these varied uses, the principles of good interviewing are the same.

But before you start, you should have a good idea of the type of interview you are about to do and its purpose. You will probably be guided in this by the brief given to you by the news editor.

Remember the reason for getting audio through an interview is to have someone else like an expert, official or eyewitness say something that the newsreader cannot - comment.

Informational Interviews

This is primarily to reveal facts or opinions. For example, 'How many ambulances are off the road because of a maintenance problem?'; 'Which way do you as an MP intend to vote in tonight's crucial Commons vote?'; 'Why weren't the main roads in the county gritted before last night's frost?'

Note some of the words used. The crucial words to use when asking questions are: who, what, where, why, when and how. Questions starting with these words elicit answers other than just 'yes' or 'no', therefore making them much more useful on radio. They are known as 'open' questions.

'Closed' questions such as, 'Do you think the county's roads were sufficiently gritted last night?' can lead an interviewee simply to say 'yes'. The interview intended to reveal information is most likely to achieve its object if the questions are short and direct but 'open'.

There are exceptions. In some cases a direct 'closed' question can achieve a dramatic effect: 'So, after three deaths in as many years, are you going to resign?'

Interpretive Interviews

The interpretive interview is quite different. The subject of the interview needs to interpret some facts which are already known. The fact is that interest rates are rising again; the financial expert can be asked what effect this will have on mortgage rates.

You should still, though, ask questions using the word 'what'. In this case, you are no longer dealing with an existing situation; the expert is being asked to look into the future and sketch the probabilities, usually based on knowledge of what has happened in similar circumstances before.

Emotional Interviews

The emotional interview is by far the most tricky type. Good reporting covers all shades and colours of human emotional experiences. There is the happiness of the sporting record breaker; the anxiety of a mother whose child is missing; the anger of a man who has been attacked and robbed.

In an emotional interview, a certain amount of silence is more telling than any words, as the subject pauses to gather his or her thoughts, perhaps in the midst of mental turmoil.

Journalists are sometimes criticised for exploiting the emotions of others who may be in trouble or despair. In reality, no one can be compelled to talk if they do not wish to, and it has been said that people suffering in some way can find relief in recounting their feelings.

After a big train or motorway crash, there is rarely a shortage of survivors who are anxious to tell their stories. It is often suggested by journalists that the act of describing a narrow escape seems to reduce the shock. However, that is not to condone the actions of a small minority of reporters - sometimes from newspapers - who undeniably overstep the bounds of decency in their efforts to get the big 'tear-jerker'. Journalists do not have the licence to cause extra misery to people who are already suffering enough.

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This is adapted from Basic Radio Journalism (Focal Press), by Paul Chantler and Peter Stewart. It's posted on bbctraining.com with the kind permission of Focal Press.

http://www.bbctraining.com/tottinterviews.asp

Mass Media Influence

How does mass media influence society? Before answering this question, perhaps it is pertinent that we address the question: what is mass media?

What is Mass Media?

Statistics show that there are few things which impact the human mind more than mass media. The advice of teachers, parents and relatives may fall on deaf ears, but the mass media influence holds us all spellbound! At this point, it becomes necessary to define mass media.

Mass media may be defined as any form of communication which is meted out to the people at large, through the various forms of communication. What modes of communication are we talking about? Well there can be no static definition for the channels of mass communication as they are increasing all the time. But any form of communication which is seen and understood by a large mass of people can be taken to mean mass communication or mass media channels.

Why is mass media so attractive to people? Mass media holds a kind of mystique in the minds of the people. It is because the communication is designed in such a way that it appeals to a larger demographic segment. The test of a good mass communication marketing drive is to see if it gets the people talking. If it does, then not only does it mean that the advertising drive has been successful, but the organization in charge of the mass communication is also getting publicity by the word-of-mouth channel!

Mass Media Influence

It is hard to argue with the fact that mass media has a compelling effect on the human mind. Especially on minds which are more impressionable. For example, the mass media influence on children is understandably higher than it is in adults. So how exactly does mass media influence us?

Mass Media Influence on Youth
There is a burgeoning need amongst the youth to be accepted as a part of a group, to be popular, to have friends and relationships with people of the opposite sex etc. Mass media experts understand this need of the people and hence they come out with advertisements on TV, or in the newspapers, or on websites on how people can be more popular using a certain product. Most advertisements you see which are aimed at the youth generally talk about the 'cool quotient' of the product and how it is going to be the next 'in-thing'. And if you want to stay ahead of the game, it is absolutely vital that you procure it. The visual effect, seeing the things happen in front of you and the slice-of-life effect makes them look a lot believable than they should be.

So how should mass media be used with youth? Mass media, effective as it is, can be used on the youth to drive home pressing concerns in the country. Child obesity, the dangers of alcohol and preteen sexual relations, importance of exercise and fitness etc. If these things can be done, the mass media will be able to influence the youth for the better and send better messages for the development of the youth than what it is sending today.

Mass Media Influence on Adults
Like children and youth, mass media influences adults too, although perhaps not on the same scale. Most adults with a platonic view of things will resist the temptation of being buoyed up by what the mass media has to offer. While men usually find it difficult to hold themselves back in the face of the allure of sexuality. Other subjects which also appeal to men are financial security and a luxurious hassle-free lifestyle. Women on the other hand are more tempted towards products which guarantee immunity from aging altogether and not just what the previous generation called 'aging gracefully'.

Mass media can yet be used constructively to teach the adults about the importance of insurance, financial education and how to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/mass-media-influence.html

Types of Journalism

Any morning for many office-goers or even homebodies begins with a hot cup of coffee in one hand and a newspaper in the other! For people hungry for news, it’s a must to begin the day with fresh and latest news either in print or through television. But do you know the actual story behind the latest news? It takes a team of professionals that go into the depth of the story so that you can get fresh news when you unfold your morning paper. Journalists have the job of reporting the news while a team of editors and visualizers package the content in an appropriate manner for readers and viewers.

Journalism refers to the news or feature stories (light, entertainment stories) that are expressed either in a descriptive way or concise pattern through different types of media. A journalist reports news, which can be used in print, on television, aired on radio or even published on the Internet. The main purpose of a journalist is to report news with accurate facts. However, throughout the years, there have been different types of journalism developed that have given different dimensions to the field of mass media. Read on to know more about the various types of journalism.

Types of journalism

Fashion journalism: Fashion journalism is all about articles or reports related to the fashion world. Journalists are also known as fashion writers or fashion editors. The primary job is to cover the latest in the fashion business or develop lifestyle articles. Such fashion articles can be found in magazines and newspapers. Today, there are many television channels that cater only to fashion, which gives ample opportunity for journalists who have a passion to cover such topics.

News journalism: Here, the primary aim of the journalist is to report news in a straight-forward manner that covers all the required facts. The style is direct with focus on the gist of the story with other necessary points. The news style should be concise and precise. The facts must be crosschecked which makes the news item as authentic as possible without any media bias. Here, the news story can be for the print media, television, radio, etc. Such news pieces often cover politics and social movements. News stories based on political suppression, public movements or abuse of human rights have proved instrumental in effecting many a social change, or giving voice to the oppressed. Similarly, cultural events are also covered in news journalism.

Celebrity journalism: As the name suggests, the journalist is connected to news and events related to celebrities from the entertainment world and also includes celebrities from other fields such as music, sports, dance, art, politics, etc. This journalism is all about news that is related to their professional and personal life. Reporting gossip is one of the angles of celebrity journalism, wherein journalists are often accused of misconstruing news or quotes in a deliberate fashion. This journalism is particularly popular with newspapers, magazines and television.

Investigative journalism: This type of journalism is about unearthing facts and studying cases that may require more efforts, which can take months or even years. Journalists who specialize in investigative journalism create headlines with news that expose scandals. Sometimes, persistent followup of a story proves beneficial to uncover some hitherto unsolved cases. This would require in-depth research from the journalist along with evidence.

Sports journalism: Here, journalists spend hours reporting on a particular sport event. A journalist has to report the accurate facts and statistics related to that event. Interviews with celebrity sport stars are yet one of the interesting features of sports journalism. Although sports-lovers watch the live coverage thanks to the media, there are many people who still enjoy reading or watching in-depth details about the event.

Citizen journalism:
Here, it is not the professional journalists who are responsible for the news reports. Any citizen can participate and report news to the media. He/she collects and reports news to the media and participates voluntarily to offer help to the media. They bring to notice issues that may have been missed by media houses.

Environmental journalism: There are many journalists who prefer to cover issues related to the environment and its protection and conservation. Environmental journalists may only report about the news while some work for a cause.

Business and finance journalism: Here, the journalist or reporter covers in-depth reports about the latest in business, launch of products, stock markets etc. There are many shows dedicated only for business news on television whereas in newspapers, one can find a special section dedicated to this subject.

Journalists today, try new tactics that are very different from the methods used by reporters earlier. Often, journalists are accused of aggressive reporting and media sensationalism, which is a serious issue. The Internet has also provided a medium for people to voice their opinions online. News written for the web is updated minute-by-minute which is referred to as online journalism. Besides, implicit faith of people in the news items has introduced a new form of advertising, i.e. advertorials. In this, advertisers merge their product content in the guise of an article for brand promotion and marketing of products.

A keen news sense and creativity to present the news in an effective manner are obviously the main ingredients in any kind of journalism. After all, it’s all about how you put into words to create an impact that makes a journalist stand apart from ordinary reporters!
By Kashmira Lad

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-journalism.html

Scientific journal - Types of articles

There are several types of journal articles; the exact terminology and definitions vary by field and specific journal, but often include:

Letters (not to be confused with letters to the editor) are short descriptions of important current research findings which are usually fast-tracked for immediate publication because they are considered urgent.

Articles are usually between five and twenty pages and are a complete descriptions of current original research finding, but there are considerable variations between scientific fields and journals: 80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or theoretical computer science.

Supplemental articles contain a large volume of tabular data that is the result of current research and may be dozens or hundreds of pages with mostly numerical data. Some journals now only publish this data electronically on the internet.

Review articles do not cover original research but rather synthesize the results of many different articles on a particular topic into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field. Examples of reviews include the 'Nature Reviews' series of journals and the 'Trends in' series, which invite experts to write on their specialisation and then have the article peer-reviewed before accepting the article for publication. Other journals, such as the Current Opinion series, are less rigorous in peer-reviewing each article and instead rely on the author to present an accurate and unbiased view.

Research notes are short descriptions of current research findings which are considered less urgent or important than Letters

The formats of journal articles vary, but almost always follow the following general scheme. They begin with an abstract, which is a one-to-four-paragraph summary of the paper. The introduction describes the background for the research including a discussion of similar research. The materials and methods or experimental section provides specific details of how the research was conducted. The results and discussion section describes the outcome and implications of the research, and the conclusion section places the research in context and describes avenues for further exploration.

In addition to the above, some scientific journals such as Science will include a news section where scientific developments (often involving political issues) are described. These articles are often written by science journalists and not by scientists. In addition some journals will include an editorial section and a section for letters to the editor. Interestingly, while these are articles published within a journal, they are not generally regarded as scientific journal articles because they have not been peer-reviewed.

http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Scientific_journal_-_Types_of_articles/id/1569410 

Columnist

A columnist is a journalist who produces a specific form of writing for publication called a "column". Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and the Internet. Some Internet columns are called blogs or Weblogs.

What differentiates a column from other forms of journalism is that it meets each of the following criteria:
It is a regular feature in a publication
It is personality-driven by the author
It explicitly contains an opinion or point of view

Types of columns
advice
critic reviews
editorial opinion
gossip

http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Columnist/id/1994227
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